UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 2018

OR

Commission file number: 000-55158

Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (786) 459-1831

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Common Stock, $0.001 par value

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). [  ] Yes [X] No

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the closing price as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, June 30, 2018, was approximately $53,814,000.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, as of March 29, 2019, was approximately 31,620,646 shares.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Items 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

INDEX

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Overview

Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. (the “Company” or “Cocrystal”) is a biotechnology company seeking to discover and develop novel antiviral therapeutics as treatments for serious and/or chronic viral diseases. We employ unique structure-based technologies and Nobel Prize winning expertise to create first- and best-in-class antiviral drugs. These technologies are designed to efficiently deliver small molecule therapeutics that are safe, effective and convenient to administer. We have identified promising preclinical and early clinical stage antiviral compounds for unmet medical needs including influenza, Hepatitis C virus (“HCV”), and norovirus infections.

The Company operates in one segment. Management uses cash flows as the primary measure to manage its business and does not segment its business for internal reporting or decision-making.

Cocrystal Technology

We are developing antiviral therapeutics that inhibit the essential replication function of various viruses. One of our goals is to decrease the duration of HCV therapy by advancing drug candidates targeting the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme. Additional goals include treating human and avian (bird) influenza virus and norovirus infections by discovering and developing drug candidates targeting the viral replication complex. To discover and design these inhibitors, we use a proprietary platform comprising computation, medicinal chemistry, X-ray crystallography, and our extensive know-how. We determine the structures of cocrystals containing the inhibitors bound to the enzyme or protein to guide our design. We also use advanced computational methods to screen and design product candidates using proprietary cocrystal structural information. In designing the candidates, we seek to anticipate and avert potential viral mutations leading to resistance. By designing and selecting drug candidates that interrupt the viral replication process and also have specific binding characteristics, we seek to develop drugs that are not only effective against both the virus and possible mutants of the virus, but which also have reduced off-target interactions that cause undesirable clinical side effects. This approach requires an extensive knowledge of viruses and drug targets to carry out. In addition, knowledge and experience in the fields of structural biology, and enzymology are required. We developed our proprietary structure-based drug design under the guidance of Dr. Roger Kornberg, our Chief Scientist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006. Our drug discovery process focuses on those parts of the enzymes to which drugs bind and on drug-enzyme interactions at the atomic level. Additionally, we have developed proprietary targeted in-house chemical libraries of non-nucleoside inhibitors, metal-binding inhibitors, and drug-like fragments. Our drug discovery process is different from traditional, empirical, medicinal chemistry approaches that often require iterative high-throughput compound screening and lengthy hit-to-lead processes. We continue developing preclinical and clinical drug candidates using our proprietary drug discovery technology.

The Company’s proprietary technology integrates several powerful and specialized techniques:

We have applied these techniques to develop antiviral inhibitors of three important viruses: HCV, influenza, and norovirus.

Market-Driven Product Profiles

In all of our programs our goal is to develop best-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral drugs with high-barrier-to-drug resistance. An ideal product for an antiviral therapy would have at least the following characteristics:

Even at the discovery stage of drug development, we select compounds with these factors in mind. Furthermore, our technology is capable of delivering therapies that satisfy all of these key factors, as detailed below.

In order to improve patient care and penetrate the HCV marketplace, drugs are needed with faster onset of viral load reduction resulting in shorter treatment time. Current and known future influenza treatments shorten symptoms by only about 24 hours.

Norovirus spreads readily among the affected and is in need of a fast-acting therapeutic intervention. During the discovery and development phases we focus on this important clinical variable.

Safety and tolerability: All drugs have side effects, also referred to as adverse effects. These usually result from a drug’s ability to bind to human molecules (usually proteins). When this interaction is intentional (i.e., part of the drug’s mechanism of action), the adverse effects are classified as on-target effects. When this interaction is unintentional (i.e., resulting from the drug’s interaction with an unintended human molecule), the effects are called off-target effects. Our inhibitors target viral replication enzymes, which are generally unique to viruses. Because the targets are viral, not human, minimal adverse effects are possible. During the discovery phase, we evaluate candidate compounds for potential cross-reactivity with human replication enzymes and attempt to eliminate those compounds that are cross-reactive with humans.

Broadly effective against major strains responsible for a viral disease: For any given viral disease, there are different strains of viruses that cause the disease. For example, there are six major strains of the virus known to cause HCV. These strains are termed “genotypes.” Each HCV genotype is common in some parts of the world and rare in others. Also, there are three types of influenza viruses, A, B, and C. Influenza A and B viruses are significant human respiratory pathogens that cause seasonal flu. Influenza A viruses can also cause an influenza pandemic. Influenza C is a subtype of the influenza virus that tends to cause only mild illness, and is not responsible for seasonal or pandemic infections. Our goal is to design and develop drug candidates that will be effective on the broadest possible range of viruses causing the disease.

Many antiviral drugs available today are effective only against certain strains of viruses and less effective or not effective at all against other strains. To address this problem, we are developing drug candidates that specifically target viral proteins involved in viral replication. Despite the various strains of virus that may exist, these replication enzymes are essentially identical (highly conserved) among all strains of a given virus. By targeting these conserved replication enzymes, our antiviral compounds are designed and tested to be effective against major virus strains. Replication enzymes are generally conserved not only among subtypes of a given virus but also among many different viruses, creating an opportunity for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.

High barrier to drug resistance: Drug resistance is a major obstacle to developing effective antiviral therapies. Viruses can reproduce rapidly and in enormous quantities in infected human cells. During viral replication, random changes in the viral genome, called mutations, spontaneously develop. If such a mutation occurs in a region of the viral genome that is targeted by a given antiviral therapy, that therapy may no longer be effective against the mutated virus. These mutated or “resistant” viruses can freely infect and multiply even in individuals who have received drug treatment. In some cases, resistant virus strains may even predominate. For example, in the 2009 swine influenza pandemic, the predominant strain was resistant to the best available therapies.

The Company’s focus on viral replication proteins can overcome the obstacle of viral resistance. We identify and target critical components of viral replication proteins that are essential for function, therefore, sensitive to change. A mutation in these critical components is likely to inactivate the replication protein and, in turn, render the virus incapable of replicating. Because such mutations cannot propagate, the virus cannot effectively develop resistance to the enzyme inhibitors we employ. We test the effectiveness of our compounds against potential viral mutations and select compounds with the highest barrier to resistance.

Ease of administration: We select compounds for development that can be administered orally, preferably once daily in pill-form.

Research and Development Update

During the year ended December 31, 2018 and to date in 2019, the Company focused its research and development efforts primarily in three areas:

Hepatitis C

CC-31244, our HCV Non-Nucleoside Polymerase Inhibitor (“NNI”), is a potential best-in-class pan-genotypic inhibitor of NS5B polymerase for the treatment of HCV infection. It has the potential to be an important component in an all-oral ultra-short HCV combination therapy. The Company filed an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) on February 28, 2018 and received notice from the FDA on March 29, 2018 that its IND was now open and the Company was cleared to initiate its Phase 2a clinical study evaluating CC-31244 for the treatment of HCV infected individuals.

In June 2018, the Company began enrollment in and initiation of patient dosing in its Phase 2a clinical study evaluating CC-31244 for the treatment of HCV infected individuals and completed the enrollment in September 2018. The Phase 2a open-label study was designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of CC-31244 in combination with Epclusa, an approved HCV drug. Patients are treated with CC-31244 and Epclusa for two weeks and then Epclusa alone for an additional four weeks.

On January 22, 2019 the Company announced safety and preliminary efficacy data for the Phase 2a study. All subjects had completed the six-week treatment regimen. The treatment was well tolerated with no study discontinuations due to adverse events. Eight of 12 subjects achieved the primary efficacy endpoint of sustained virologic response at 12 weeks after completion of treatment (SVR12). SVR12 is defined as undetectable virus in blood 12 weeks after completion of treatment and is considered a virologic cure. The trial is ongoing at the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and final study results are expected in the second quarter of 2019.

In addition, in October 2018, the Company signed a Clinical Trial Agreement for an investigator-initiated study with the Humanity & Health Research Centre in Hong Kong, China. Under the Clinical Trial Agreement, the Phase 2a study of CC-31244 for the treatment of HCV, which is expected to commence during the first half of 2019, will be sponsored and conducted by the Humanity & Health Research Centre in Hong Kong under the guidance of Dr. George Lau, MBBS (HKU), M.D. (HKU), FRCP (Edin, Lond), FHKAM (Med), FHKCP, FAASLD, Chairman of Humanity and Health Medical Centre, Hong Kong. The Company has agreed to provide CC-31244 to be used in the Phase 2a study.

In December 2018, the Company voluntarily terminated a license agreement with Emory University covering the patents and patent applications for HCV inhibitors, which are not essential to our HCV program. See “Item I - Business – Collaborations – Emory University Collaboration” for further information.

The Company is in partnership discussions for further clinical development of CC-31244.

Influenza

We have several preclinical candidates under development for the treatment of influenza infection. CC-42344, a novel PB2 inhibitor, has been selected as a preclinical lead. This candidate binds to a highly conserved PB2 site of influenza polymerase complex (PB1: PB2: PA) and exhibits a novel mechanism of action. CC-42344 showed excellent antiviral activity against influenza A strains, including avian pandemic strains and Tamiflu resistant strains, and has favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. We are currently conducting additional preclinical IND enabling studies and plan to initiate a Phase 1 study during 2020.

In addition, novel inhibitors effective against both strains A and B have been identified and are in the preclinical stage. Several of these have potencies approaching single digit nanomolar. On January 2, 2019, the Company entered into an Exclusive License and Research Collaboration Agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (“Merck”) to discover and develop certain proprietary influenza A/B antiviral agents. See “Item 1 – Business – Collaborations – Merck Collaboration” for more information.

Norovirus Infections

We continue to identify and develop non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors using the Company’s proprietary structure-based drug design technology platform.

Therapeutic Targets

Hepatitis C: A large competitive market with opportunity for shorter treatment regimens.

HCV is a highly competitive and changing market. Currently, the standard treatment varies with the genotype of the HCV infection. Prior to late 2013, treatment included peginterferon alpha and ribavirin, along with a protease inhibitor (either telaprevir, boceprevir, or simeprevir). In late 2013, sofosbuvir, a drug belonging to a new class of drugs called “nucleoside analogs” or “Nucs,” was approved to treat HCV. In patients infected with HCV genotype 1 (the most common HCV genotype in the US), sofosbuvir was administered in combination with peginterferon alpha and ribavirin. In patients with HCV genotypes 2 and 3, however, sofosbuvir could be effectively administered in combination with ribavirin, without the need for peginterferon alpha. Since 2014, several new combinations of direct-acting antiviral agents (“DAAs”) have been approved for the treatment of HCV infection. These include Harvoni (sofosbuvir/ledipasvir) 12 weeks of treatment, Viekira Pak (ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, dasabuvir) 12 weeks of treatment, Epclusa (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir) 12 weeks of treatment, Zepatier (elbasvir/grazoprevir) 12 weeks of treatment and Mavyret (glecaprevir/pibrentasvir) 8 weeks of treatment. We believe the next improvements in HCV treatment will be ultra-short treatments of four to six weeks, the goal of our program.

We anticipate a significant global HCV market opportunity that will persist through at least 2036, given the large prevalence of HCV infection worldwide. The 2017 World Health Organization Global Hepatitis Report estimates that 71 million people worldwide have chronic HCV infections.

We are targeting the NS5B polymerase with an NNI, which could be developed as part of an all-oral, pan-genotypic combination regimen. Our focus is on developing what is now called ultrashort treatment regimens from 4 to 6 weeks in length. Such a combination treatment CC-31244 with different classes of approved DAAs has the potential to change the paradigm of treatment for HCV with a shorter duration of treatment. Combination strategies with approved drugs could allow us to expand CC-31244 into the HCV antiviral therapeutic area globally and could lead to a high and fast cure rate, to improved compliance, and to reduced treatment duration. To our knowledge no competing company has yet developed a short HCV treatment of less than 8 weeks with a high (>95%) sustained virologic response (SVR) at week 12.

CC-31244, an HCV NNI, is a potential best in class pan-genotypic inhibitor of NS5B polymerase for the treatment of HCV. The Company completed a Phase 1a/b study in Canada in September 2016, with favorable safety results in a randomized, double-blinded, Phase 1a/b study in healthy volunteers and HCV-infected subjects. The Company is presently conducting a Phase 2a study in HCV genotype 1 subjects in the United States. Cocrystal presented the interim results from the Phase1a/b study at the APASL in February 2017. HCV-infected subjects treated with CC-31244 had a rapid and marked decline in HCV RNA levels, and slow viral rebound after treatment. Results of this study suggest that CC-31244 could be an important component in a shortened duration all-oral HCV combination therapy. Patient enrollment has been completed in the Phase 2b. See “Item 1 – Business – Research and Development Update – Hepatitis C” for more information.

The Company is progressing clinically while seeking a partner for further clinical development of CC-31244.

Influenza: A worldwide public health problem, including the potential for pandemic disease.

Influenza is a severe respiratory illness, caused primarily by influenza A or B virus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the “CDC”) estimates that influenza was linked to approximately 79,000 deaths and 960,000 hospitalizations in the United States during the 2017-2018 flu season. According to the report published by BCC Research in May 2018, the worldwide market for antiviral drugs to treat influenza was valued at approximately $5.6 billion in 2017 and is expected to grow to $6.5 billion by 2022.

Currently, approved antiviral treatments for influenza are effective, but burdened with significant viral resistance. Strains of influenza virus that are resistant to the approved treatments osteltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu(R)) and zanamavir (Relenza(R)) have appeared, and in some cases predominate. For example, the predominant strain of the 2009 swine influenza pandemic was resistant to Tamiflu. These drugs target viral neuraminidase enzymes, which are not highly conserved between viral strains. In fact, different influenza virus strains such as H1N1 and H5N1 are named according to their respective differences in hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N).

In addition, the Company has several preclinical candidates under development for the treatment of influenza infection. CC-42344, a novel PB2 inhibitor, has been selected as a preclinical lead. This candidate binds to a highly conserved PB2 site of the influenza polymerase complex (PB1: PB2: PA), and exhibits a novel mechanism of action. CC-42344 showed excellent antiviral activity against influenza A strains, including avian pandemic strains and Tamiflu-resistant strains, and has favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Antiviral product candidates that are competitors for the Company’s influenza programs are, VX-787, being developed by Janssen, and S-033188, being developed by Shionogi/Roche. S-033188 was approved as Xofluza in Japan on February 23, 2018, and in US as Baloxavir Marboxil (trade name Xofluza®) on October 24, 2018. See “Item 1 – Business – Research and Development Update – Influenza” for more information.

Norovirus: A worldwide public health problem responsible for close to 90% of epidemic, non-bacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world.

Norovirus is a very common and highly contagious virus that causes symptoms of acute gastroenteritis including nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and diarrhea. Other symptoms include fatigue, fever and dehydration. Noroviruses are a major cause of gastrointestinal illness in closed and crowded environments, having become notorious for their common occurrence in hospitals, nursing homes, child care facilities, and cruise ships. In the United States alone, noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis, and are estimated to cause 20 million illnesses each year and contribute to 70,000 hospitalizations and 800 deaths. Noroviruses are responsible for up to 1.1 million hospitalizations and 218,000 deaths annually in children in the developing world. In immunosuppressed patients, chronic norovirus infection can lead to a debilitating illness with extended periods of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. There is currently no effective treatment or effective vaccine for norovirus, and the ability to curtail outbreaks is limited. A few companies, including Chimerix, are developing antiviral treatments for this disease and three candidate vaccines are currently in early stages of clinical testing by GlaxoSmithKline, Ligocyte and Takeda Pharmaceuticals.

By targeting viral replication enzymes, we believe it is possible to develop an effective treatment for all genogroups of norovirus. Also, because of the significant unmet medical need and the possibility of chronic norovirus infection in immunocompromised individuals, new antiviral therapeutic approaches may warrant an accelerated path to market. The Company is developing inhibitors of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of norovirus. Similar to the HCV polymerases, this enzyme is essential to viral replication and is highly conserved between all noroviral genogroups. Therefore, an inhibitor of this enzyme might be an effective treatment or short-term prophylactic agent, when administered during a cruise or nursing home stay, for example. We have developed X-ray quality norovirus polymerase crystals, and have identified promising NNIs. We are implementing the platform and approaches that have proven successful in our other antiviral programs.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to protect our core technology. To establish and protect our proprietary rights, we rely on a combination of patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and know-how, license agreements, confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements with third parties, employee disclosure and invention assignment agreements, and other contractual rights.

Our patent portfolio consisted of patents and pending applications in the areas primarily related to the treatment of HCV, Influenza A, and Influenza B.

In our NS5B NNI program, our patent portfolio consists of three related families, including two granted U.S. patents and two pending U.S. patent applications. Counterpart applications in one family are filed in various countries and regions around the world.

In our influenza A program, our patent portfolio consists of two related families, including three pending U.S. provisional applications and pending applications in Patent Cooperation Treaty countries and Taiwan. In our influenza A/B program two pending U.S. provisional applications have been filed.

In our NS3 program for HepC, we have one issued U.S. patent, an allowed European application, and three pending foreign applications in Canada, China, and Japan.

Collaborations

Merck Collaboration

On January 2, 2019, we entered into an Exclusive License and Research Collaboration Agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with Merck to discover and develop certain proprietary influenza A/B antiviral agents.

Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, Merck is funding research and development for the program at Cocrystal and Merck, including clinical development at Merck, and Merck is responsible for worldwide commercialization of any products derived from the collaboration. The Company received an upfront payment of $4,000,000 and is eligible to receive milestone payments related to designated development, regulatory and sales milestones with the potential to earn up to $156,000,000, as well as royalties on product sales.

See “Item 1A. Risk Factors - If our research collaboration with Merck is terminated or is otherwise unsuccessful, including failure to reach milestones, we could lose the research program funding, and would not receive milestone payments or royalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, our ability to successfully develop and commercialize influenza A/B product candidates and our future financial condition” for the discussion of termination provisions of the Collaboration Agreement.

Emory University Collaboration

On December 6, 2018, we notified Emory University (“Emory”) of the termination of our License Agreement with Emory, dated March 7, 2013 (the “License Agreement”). The License Agreement covered patents and patent applications for HCV inhibitors, which we no longer consider essential to our HCV program. As part of our HCV program, we continue to focus our efforts on CC-31244, our HCV NNI. See “Item 1 – Business ‒ Research and Development Update ‒ Hepatitis C.” The Company had the right to terminate the License Agreement at its sole discretion upon 90 days’ prior written notice and upon payment of all amounts due Emory under the License Agreement through the date of termination. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the License Agreement has been terminated, no amounts were due under the License Agreement and none will be owed in the future.

National Institute of Health

Cocrystal has two Public Health Biological Materials License Agreements with the National Institute of Health. The original license agreements were dated August 31, 2010 and amended on November 6, 2013. The materials licensed are being used in Norovirus assays to screen potential antiviral agents in our library.

Competition

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are subject to intense and rapidly changing competition as companies seek to develop new technologies and proprietary products. We know of several companies that have marketed or are developing products for the treatment of HCV or influenza, including Gilead Sciences, Inc. (“Gilead”), Merck & Co., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Toyama Chemical Co., Shionogi/Roche and Abbvie, Inc. In particular, Gilead and Abbvie dominate the market for HCV with an estimated combined market share greater than 85%. Their products are widely considered effective. Many of the companies developing products for the other viral diseases that are of interest to us have substantially greater financial resources, expertise and capabilities than we do.

Government Regulation

Government authorities extensively regulate the research, development, testing, manufacturing and commercialization of drug products. Any product candidates we develop must be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) before they may be legally marketed in the U.S., and by the appropriate foreign regulatory agencies before they may be legally marketed in other countries. The clinical testing of product candidates to establish their safety and efficacy in humans is subject to substantial statutory and regulatory requirements with which we must comply.

Employees

As of April 1, 2019, we employed 10 full-time employees. Of these full-time employees, eight are engaged in research and development activities. In addition, we have contracts with Clinical Research Organizations (“CROs”), Contract Manufacturing Organizations (“CMOs”) and consultants to provide chemistry, toxicology, preclinical, clinical, regulatory work on our programs.

Corporate History

The Company was formerly incorporated in Nevada under the name Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Biozone”). On January 2, 2014, Biozone sold substantially all of its assets to MusclePharm Corporation, and, on the same day, merged with Cocrystal Discovery, Inc. (“Discovery”) in a transaction accounted for as a reverse merger. Following the merger, the Company assumed Discovery’s business plan and operations. On March 18, 2014, the Company reincorporated in Delaware under the name Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

On November 25, 2014, a subsidiary of the Company and affiliated entities completed a series of merger transactions. As a result, a subsidiary of the Company merged with RFS Pharma, LLC, a Georgia limited liability company (RFS Pharma”).

Available Information

Our corporate website is www.cocrystalpharma.com. We make available on our website under “Investors – SEC Filings” access to our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements on Schedule 14A and amendments to those materials filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), free of charge.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

You should consider carefully the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included or incorporated in this Annual Report. Each of these risk factors, either alone or taken together, could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition, and adversely affect the value of an investment in our common stock. There may be additional risks that we do not know of or that we believe are immaterial that could also impair our business and financial position.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors before deciding whether to invest in the Company. If any of the events discussed in the risk factors below occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, the value and marketability of the common stock could decline.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION AND NEED FOR ADDITIONAL CAPITAL

We have never generated revenue from product sales and expect that due to the regulatory constraints on a drug development company with products in the pre-clinical and early clinical stages, we may never generate revenue from product sales and may continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

We are a pre-clinical and early stage clinical, biopharmaceutical discovery and development company. From inception until 2016, our operations were limited to organizing and staffing the Company, acquiring and developing intellectual property rights, developing our technology platform, undertaking basic research on viral replication enzyme targets and conducting preclinical studies for our initial programs. We currently have only one product candidate in a Phase 2a clinical trial. Because of the need to complete clinical trials, establish safety and efficacy and obtaining regulatory approval, which is an expensive and time-consuming process, we do not anticipate generating revenue from product sales for at least five years and will continue to sustain considerable losses. We may develop a partnership that could generate income sooner, but there is no guarantee that will be achievable.

To date, we have devoted the majority of our financial resources to research and development. We have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and entering into research collaborations. The results of our operations will depend, in part, on the rate of future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through equity or debt financings, strategic alliances or grants. We anticipate our expenses will increase substantially if and as we continue our research and clinical and preclinical development of our product candidates. We anticipate that if we continue to undertake clinical studies our expenses will increase even further.

We have lost $187 million from inception through December 31, 2018 and expect to continue losing money in the future. We may never achieve income from operations or have positive cash flow from operations.

As an early stage drug development company, our focus is on developing product candidates, obtaining regulatory approvals and commercializing pharmaceutical products. As a result, we have lost $187 million from inception through December 31, 2018, expect losses to continue, and have never generated revenue from product sales. It is likely that we will need to raise money again in the future. We cannot assure you that we will ever generate income from operations or have positive cash flow from operations.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is in doubt.

We anticipate that we will continue to lose money for the foreseeable future. Based on cash on hand as of March 29, 2019 of approximately $8,700,000, the Company may not have the capital to finance its operations, including any unforeseen expenses such as higher than anticipated legal costs and uninsured catastrophe, for the next 12 months. The Company has incurred net losses and negative operating cash flows since inception. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a net loss of approximately $49,048,000 and used approximately $8,290,000 of cash in operating activities. The Company has not yet established an ongoing source of revenue sufficient to cover its operating costs and allow it to continue as a going concern. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, our stockholders will likely lose all of their investment in the Company.

Because we have yet to generate any revenue from product sales on which to evaluate our potential for future success and to determine if we will be able to execute our business plan, it is difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risk of success or failure of our business.

Our ability to generate revenue from product sales and achieve profitability depends on our ability, alone or with partners, to successfully complete the development of, obtain the regulatory approvals for and commercialize pharmaceutical product candidates. We have no pharmaceutical product candidates that have generated any commercial revenue, do not expect to generate revenues from the commercial sale of pharmaceutical products for many years, and might never generate revenues from the sale of pharmaceutical products. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability will depend on, among other things, the following:

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we cannot predict the timing or amount of increased expenses and when we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability, if ever. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by regulatory agencies to perform unanticipated studies and trials.

Even if one or more pharmaceutical product candidates we independently develop is approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved pharmaceutical product candidate. Moreover, if we can generate revenues from the sale of any approved pharmaceutical products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

Because early stage drug development requires major capital investment, as we continue to incur operating losses, we will need to raise additional capital or form strategic partnerships to support our research and development activities in the future.

We are still in the early stages of development of our product candidates and have no products approved for commercial sale. Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is capital-intensive. As a rule, research and development expenses increase substantially as we advance our product candidates toward clinical programs. We currently have one hepatitis C product candidate in an investigator-sponsored Phase 2a clinical trial and have secured funding of the research and development of influenza A/B product candidates under our Collaboration Agreement with Merck. See “Item 1 – Business – Collaborations – Merck Collaboration.” However, in order to conduct trials for our other product candidates, we will need to raise additional capital to support our operations or form partnerships, in addition to our existing collaborative alliances, which may give substantial rights to a partner. Such funding or partnerships may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Moreover, any future financing may be very dilutive to our existing stockholders.

As we move lead compounds through toxicology and other preclinical studies, also referred to as nonclinical studies, we have and we will be required to file an Investigational New Drug application (“IND”) or its equivalent in foreign countries, and as we conduct clinical development of product candidates, we may have adverse results that may cause us to consume additional capital. Our partners may not elect to pursue the development and commercialization of our product candidates subject to our respective agreements with them. These events may increase our development costs more than we expect. We may need to raise additional capital or otherwise obtain funding through strategic alliances if we initiate clinical trials for new product candidates other than programs currently partnered. We will require additional capital to obtain regulatory approval for, and to commercialize, product candidates.

In securing additional financing, such additional fundraising efforts may divert our management’s attention from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize product candidates. We cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we cannot raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to:

If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be prevented from pursuing development and commercialization efforts, which will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects or may render the Company unable to continue operations.

Because, we are unable to rely on certain exemptions from registration under the federal securities laws, as the result of a “disqualifying event” involving a director of the Company, it could materially and adversely affect our ability to obtain future financing.

On January 10, 2019, Dr. Frost, one of our directors, was permanently enjoined from violating a certain anti-fraud provision of the Securities Act of 1933, future violations of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-1(a) thereunder, and participating in penny stock offerings with certain exceptions. So long as Dr. Frost is a director, the Company will be unable to rely on certain exemptions from registration including the exemptions under Regulation A and Rule 506 promulgated under the Securities Act absent a waiver issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). We have not applied for a waiver, and even if we do, the SEC may choose not to grant us a waiver. While there is a statutory exemption for private placements under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, the absence of the Rule 506 safe harbor under Regulation D could adversely affect our ability to raise necessary financing in the future on terms favorable to us, or at all.

SEC regulations limit the amount of funds we may raise during any 12-month period pursuant to our shelf registration Statement on Form S-3.

Under General Instruction I.B.6 to Form S-3 (the “Baby Shelf Rule”), the amount of funds we can raise through primary public offerings of securities in any 12-month period using our registration statement on Form S-3 is limited to one-third of the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Company. As of March 29, 2019, our public float was approximately $45 million, based on 16,406,468 shares of outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates and a price of $2.73 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market on March 29, 2019. We therefore are limited by the Baby Shelf Rule as of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, until such time as our public float exceeds $75 million. If we are required to file a new registration statement on another form, we may incur additional costs and be subject to delays due to review by the SEC Staff. Further, if there is another government shutdown affecting the SEC, any delays could adversely affect our ability to raise capital in a registered public offering.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR RELIANCE ON THIRD PARTIES

We will depend substantially on Merck for the successful research, development and commercialization of our influenza A/B product candidates.

In January 2019, we entered into the Collaboration Agreement with Merck to research, develop, and commercialize certain proprietary influenza A/B antiviral agents. See “Item 1 – Business – Collaborations – Merck Collaboration” for more information on the Collaboration Agreement. The success of this collaborative alliance will depend substantially on the efforts and activities of Merck. Pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement, in case the joint research committee overseeing the research program cannot reach an agreement, the ultimate decision-making authority is vested in Merck as to most matters. Furthermore, Merck will be solely responsible for the development and commercialization of any products derived from the collaboration.

In addition, during the term of the research program and for a period of 12 months following the expiration or termination of the research program under the Collaboration Agreement, we have agreed to work exclusively with Merck on the research and development of influenza A/B antiviral agents. During the term of the Collaboration Agreement, we will be unable to conduct, or enable third parties to conduct, research, development and commercialization activities related to such agents. These restrictions may impair our ability to pursue research, development and commercialization opportunities that we would otherwise deem to be beneficial to our business.

If our research collaboration with Merck is terminated or is otherwise unsuccessful, including failure to reach milestones, we could lose the research program funding, and would not receive milestone payments or royalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, our ability to successfully develop and commercialize influenza A/B product candidates and our future financial condition.

Pursuant to the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, Merck agreed to, among other things, (i) fund the research and development collaboration, including clinical development and commercialization; (ii) make certain milestone payments up to a total of $156 million, including payments associated with the successful product development and attainment of certain U.S. and EU regulatory approvals for the developed products and sales volume; and (iii) pay royalties on net sales of the products.

Merck can terminate the Collaboration Agreement at any time prior to the first commercial sale of the first product developed under the Collaboration Agreement, in its sole discretion, without cause. Furthermore, research collaborations, including the Collaboration Agreement, may turn out to be unsuccessful and are subject to certain risks, including the following risks:

If our collaboration with Merck is unsuccessful for these or other reasons, or is otherwise terminated for any reason, we may lose the research program funding, and would not receive the milestone payments or royalties under the Collaboration Agreement.

Further, pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement Merck will only be obligated to make many of the milestone payments if our influenza A/B product receives required regulatory approvals, is commercialized and net sales exceed the thresholds set forth in the Collaboration Agreement. Achieving the milestones may be difficult and time-consuming. If some or all of these goals are not achieved, we may not receive some or all of the milestone payments under the Collaboration Agreement.

Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, our ability to successfully develop and commercialize influenza A/B product candidates and our future financial condition.

If we form strategic alliances which are unsuccessful or are terminated, we may be unable to develop or commercialize certain product candidates and we may be unable to generate revenues from our development programs.

In addition to the Collaboration Agreement with Merck, we are likely to use third-party alliance partners for financial, scientific, manufacturing, marketing and sales resources for the clinical development and commercialization of certain of our product candidates. These strategic alliances will likely constrain our control over development and commercialization of our product candidates, especially once a candidate has reached the stage of clinical development. Our ability to recognize revenues from successful strategic alliances may be impaired by several factors including:

Termination of a strategic alliance may require us to seek out and establish alternative strategic alliances with third-party partners. This may not be possible, including due to restrictions under the terms of our existing collaborations, or we may not be able to do so on terms acceptable to us. See “Item 1A – Risk Factors ‒ We will depend substantially on Merck for the successful research, development and commercialization of our influenza A/B product candidates.” If we fail to establish alternative strategic alliances with third-party partners on terms acceptable to us, or at all, we may be required to limit the size or scope of one or more of our programs or decrease our expenditures and seek additional funding by other means. Such events would likely have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct some or all aspects of our compound formulation, research and preclinical testing, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily.

We do not expect to independently conduct most and certainly not all aspects of our drug discovery activities, compound formulation research or preclinical testing of product candidates. We rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct some aspects of our preclinical testing and on third-party Clinical Research Organizations (“CROs”) to conduct clinical trials.

If these third parties terminate their engagements, we will need to enter into alternative arrangements which would delay our product development activities. Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. If in the future, we elect to develop and commercialize any product candidates on our own, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our IND-enabling preclinical studies and clinical trials are conducted under the respective study plans and trial protocols.

If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our studies under regulatory requirements or our stated study plans and protocols, we will not be able to complete, or may experience delays in completing, the necessary clinical trials and preclinical studies to enable us or our partners to select viable product candidates for IND submissions and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully develop and commercialize such product candidates.

Because we intend to rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our preclinical and clinical supplies, and commercial supplies of any approved product candidates, we will subject to a variety of risks.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured the product candidates ourselves, including:

These events could lead to clinical study delays or failure to obtain regulatory approval, or impact our ability to successfully commercialize future products. Some of these events could be the basis for regulatory actions, including injunction, recall, seizure or total or partial suspension of production.

Because we expect to rely on limited sources of supply for the drug substance and drug product of product candidates, any disruption in the chain of supply may cause a delay in developing and commercializing these product candidates.

We intend to establish manufacturing relationships with a limited number of suppliers to manufacture raw materials, the drug substance, and the drug product of any product candidate for which we are responsible for preclinical or clinical development. Each supplier may require licenses to manufacture such components if such processes are not owned by the supplier or in the public domain. As part of any marketing approval, a manufacturer and its processes must be qualified by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities prior to commercialization. If supply from the approved vendor is interrupted, there could be a significant disruption in commercial supply. An alternative vendor would need to be qualified through an NDA or marketing authorization supplement, which could cause further delay. The FDA or other regulatory agencies outside of the United States may also require additional studies if a new supplier is relied upon for commercial production.

These factors could cause the delay of clinical trials, regulatory submissions, required approvals or commercialization of our product candidates, cause us to incur higher costs and prevent us from commercializing our products successfully. Furthermore, if our suppliers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of drug substance or drug product on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, and we are unable to secure one or more replacement suppliers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost, our clinical trials may be delayed or we could lose potential revenue.

Manufacturing issues may arise that could increase product and regulatory approval costs or delay commercialization.

As third parties scale up manufacturing of product candidates and conduct required stability testing, product, packaging, equipment and process-related issues may require refinement or resolution to proceed with any clinical trials and obtain regulatory approval for commercial marketing. We or the manufacturers may identify significant impurities or stability problems, which could cause increased scrutiny by regulatory agencies, delays in clinical programs and regulatory approval, significant increases in our operating expenses, or failure to obtain or maintain approval for product candidates or any approved products.

We rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials, and if those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business.

We rely and expect to continue to rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials. While we have agreements governing the activities of such CROs and clinical trial sites, we or our partners will have limited influence over their actual performance. Nevertheless, we or our partners will be responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its protocol, and that all legal, regulatory and scientific standards are met. Our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

We, our partners and our CROs must comply with current Good Clinical Practices (“cGCPs”), as defined by the FDA and the International Conference on Harmonization, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of IND-enabling preclinical studies and clinical trials, to ensure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of clinical trial participants are protected. The FDA enforces these cGCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with cGCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or other regulators may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving any marketing applications. Our clinical trials will require a sufficiently large number of test subjects to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a product candidate. If our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or fail to recruit a sufficient number of patients, fail to recruit properly qualified patients or fail to properly record or maintain patient data, we may be required to repeat such clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

Our contracted CROs will not be our employees, and we cannot control whether they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical and nonclinical programs. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials, or other drug development activities that could harm our competitive position. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to failing to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements, or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize our product candidates. Our financial results and the commercial prospects for such products and any product candidates we develop would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

We also expect to rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug products for any clinical trials we may conduct. Any performance failure by our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, if approved, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

RISKS RELATED TO THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCT CANDIDATES

Because the approach we are taking to discover and develop drugs is novel, it may never lead to marketable products.

We are concentrating our antiviral therapeutic product research and development efforts using our proprietary technology, and our future success depends on the continued successful development of this technology and the products derived from it. We have no drug products commercialized. The scientific discoveries that form the basis for our efforts to discover and develop drug product candidates are relatively new and unproven. The scientific evidence to support the feasibility of developing product candidates based on our approach is limited. If we do not successfully develop and commercialize drug product candidates based upon our technological approach, we may not become profitable and the value of our stock may decline.

Further, our focus on the Company’s technology for developing drugs, as opposed to relying entirely on more standard technologies for drug development, increases the risks associated with the ownership of our stock. If we are unsuccessful in developing any product candidates using the Company’s technology, we may be required to change the scope and direction of our product development activities. We may not successfully identify and implement an alternative product development strategy and may as a result cease operations.

If we do not succeed in our efforts to identify or discover potential product candidates, your investment may be lost.

The success of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop and commercialize antiviral drug products, an extremely risky business. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for several reasons, including:

Such events may force us to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and could cause us to cease operations. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

Because our future commercial success depends on gaining regulatory approval for our products, we cannot generate revenue without obtaining approvals.

Our long-term success and generation of revenue will depend upon the successful development of new products from our research and development activities, including those licensed or acquired from third parties. Product development is very expensive and involves a high degree of risk. Only a small number of research and development programs result in the commercialization of a product. The process for obtaining regulatory approval to market a product like our hepatitis C or influenza products is expensive, takes many years, and can vary substantially based on the type, complexity, and novelty of the product candidates involved. Our ability to generate revenues would be adversely affected if we are delayed or unable to successfully develop our products.

We cannot guarantee that any marketing application for our product candidates will be approved. If we do not obtain regulatory approval of our products or we are significantly delayed or limited in doing so, we cannot generate revenue, and we may need to significantly curtail operations.

If we are unable to successfully complete preclinical testing and clinical trials of our product candidates or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

We intend to invest a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in the identification and preclinical development of product candidates that target viral replication enzymes. Our ability to generate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates.

The commercial success of our product candidates will depend on several factors, including:

If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully complete development of, or to successfully commercialize, our product candidates, which would materially harm our business. Most pharmaceutical products that do overcome the long odds of drug development and achieve commercialization still do not recoup their cost of capital. If we are unable to design and develop each drug to meet a commercial need far in the future, the approved drug may become a commercial failure and our investment in those development and commercialization efforts will have been commercially unsuccessful.

We may be unable to demonstrate safety and efficacy of our product candidates to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of product candidates, we or our partners must conduct extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidates in humans. Clinical trials are expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and are uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not predict final results. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval for their products.

Events that may cause a delay or unsuccessful completion of clinical development include, as examples:

If we or our partners must conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of any product candidates beyond those that are contemplated, or are unable to successfully complete clinical trials or other testing of any of our product candidates, or if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we or our partners may:

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or in obtaining marketing approvals. We do not know whether any clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, if at all. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which would impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations. Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development, whether independently or with our partners, could cause additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenues from our product candidates, including product sales, milestone payments, profit sharing or royalties.

Our product candidates may cause adverse effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or limit the scope of any approved label or market acceptance.

Adverse events (“AEs”) or serious adverse events (SAEs”), that may be observed during clinical trials of our product candidates could cause us, other reviewing entities, clinical trial sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt such trials and could cause denial of regulatory approval. If AEs or SAEs are observed in any clinical trials of our product candidates, including those our partners may develop under alliance agreements, our or our partners’ ability to obtain regulatory approval for product candidates may be negatively impacted.

Serious or unexpected side effects caused by an approved product could result in significant negative consequences, including:

These events could prevent us or our partners from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our products and impair our ability to generate revenues from the commercialization of these products either by us or by our partners.

Following regulatory approval for a product candidate, we will still face extensive regulatory requirements and the approved product may face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere, the applicable regulators may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our product candidates, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. The following discussion is based on United States law. Similar types of regulatory provision apply outside of the United States.

The holder of an approved New Drug Application (“NDA”), must monitor and report AEs and SAEs and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA. The holder of an approved NDA must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and other applicable federal and state laws, and are subject to FDA review.

Drug product manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”), and adherence to commitments made in the NDA. If we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknown problems with a product such as AEs or SAEs of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

If we or our partners fail to comply with regulatory requirements following approval of our product candidates, a regulatory agency may:

Our defense of any government investigation of alleged violations of law, or any lawsuit alleging such violations, could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may prevent or inhibit our ability to commercialize our products and generate revenues.

We may not succeed in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to drug compounds and processes for our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses.

We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties we identify. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities.

Companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition and prospects for growth could suffer.

Because third parties without our knowledge may be developing competitive products, we may later learn that competitive products are superior which may cause to terminate our research efforts of one or more product candidates.

We face potential completion from companies, particularly privately-held companies and foreign companies that may be developing competitive products that are superior to one or more of our product candidates. If in the future we learn of the existence of one or more competitive products we may be required to:

Any of these events may occur after we have spent substantial sums in connection with the clinical research of one or more product candidates.

Compliance with governmental regulations regarding the treatment of animals used in research could increase our operating costs, which would adversely affect the commercialization of our technology.

The Animal Welfare Act (“AWA”), is the United States federal law that covers the treatment of certain animals used in research. The AWA imposes a wide variety of specific regulations that govern the humane handling, care, treatment and transportation of certain animals by producers and users of research animals, most notably relating to personnel, facilities, sanitation, cage size, feeding, watering and shipping conditions. Third parties with whom we contract are subject to registration, inspections and reporting requirements. Some states have their own regulations, including general anti-cruelty legislation, which establish certain standards in handling animals. If we or our contractors fail to comply with United States and foreign laws and regulations, as applicable, concerning the treatment of animals used in research, we may be subject to fines and penalties and adverse publicity, and our operations could be adversely affected.

Public perception of ethical and social issues may limit or discourage the type of research we conduct.

Our clinical trials will involve people, and we and third parties with whom we contract also do research using animals. Governmental authorities could, for public health or other purposes, limit the use of human or animal research or prohibit the use of our technology. In addition, animal rights activists could protest or make threats against our facilities, which may cause property damage and delay our research. Ethical and other concerns about our methods, such as our use of human subjects in clinical trials or our use of animal testing, could adversely affect our market acceptance.

We have limited experience in conducting and managing the preclinical development activities and clinical trials necessary to obtain approvals for marketing our product candidates, including approval by the FDA.

Our efforts to develop our product candidates are at an early stage. To date, with one exception, we have not entered a compound into human clinical trials. We may be unable to progress our other product candidates undergoing preclinical testing into clinical trials. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will succeed, and favorable initial results from a clinical trial do not determine outcomes in subsequent clinical trials. The indications of use for which we are pursuing development may have clinical effectiveness endpoints not previously reviewed or validated by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, which may complicate or delay our effort to obtain marketing approval. We cannot guarantee that our clinical trials will succeed. In fact, most compounds fail in clinical trials, even at companies far larger and more experienced than us.

We have not obtained marketing approval or commercialized any of our product candidates. We may not successfully design or implement clinical trials required for marketing approval to market our product candidates. If we are unsuccessful in conducting and managing our preclinical development activities or clinical trials or obtaining marketing approvals, we might not be able to commercialize our product candidates, or might be significantly delayed in doing so, which will materially harm our business.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

If we cannot obtain or protect intellectual property rights related to our future products and product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our future products and product candidates. The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications we own or in-license may fail to result in patents with claims that cover the products in the United States or in other countries. There is no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found; such prior art can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing based on a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may cause such patents to be narrowed or invalidated. Even if unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property or prevent others from designing around our claims.

If the patent applications we hold or have in-licensed regarding our programs or product candidates fail to issue or if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop product candidates, and threaten our ability to commercialize products. Patents may not issue and issued patents may be found invalid and unenforceable or challenged by third parties. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period after filing, and some remain so until issued, we cannot be certain that we were the first to invent a patent application related to a product candidate. In certain situations, if we and one or more third parties have filed patent applications in the United States and claiming the same subject matter, an administrative proceeding can be initiated to determine which applicant is entitled to the patent on that subject matter. Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is 20 years after it is filed, although various extensions may be available. The life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Once the patent life has expired for a product, we may be open to competition from generic medications. Further, if we encounter delays in regulatory approvals, the time during which we could market a product candidate under patent protection could be reduced.

Besides the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our drug discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology not covered by patents. Each of our employees agrees to assign their inventions to us through an employee inventions agreement. In addition, as a general practice, our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology enter into confidentiality agreements. Nonetheless, our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information may be disclosed and competitors may otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. In addition, in January 2018 the FDA as part of its Transparency Initiative, launched a voluntary pilot program to release clinical study reports summarizing clinical trial data. However, with only one company having disclosed information as part of the pilot program to date, the FDA in response to concerns expressed by the academic community may consider making release of clinical study reports mandatory and may consider making additional information publicly available on a routine basis, including information we may consider to be trade secrets or other proprietary information.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. We may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. If we are unable to prevent material disclosure of the non-patented intellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, and there is no guarantee we will have any such enforceable trade secret protection, we may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Third-party intellectual property infringement claims may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement on the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. There is substantial litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions, and reexaminations and other post-grant proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we and our partners are pursuing product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be patent applications currently pending that may later result in patents that our product candidates may infringe. Third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes on these patents. If any third-party patents were to be held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of any of our product candidates, any molecules formed during the manufacturing process or any final product itself, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product candidate unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire. Similarly, if any third-party patents were to be held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for manufacture or methods of use, including combination therapy, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidate unless we obtained a license or until such patent expires. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Parties making intellectual property claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, involves substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of our management’s attention from our business. If a claim of infringement against us succeeds, we may have to pay substantial damages, possibly including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

We may need to obtain licenses to intellectual property rights from third parties.

We may need to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our product candidates. We may fail to obtain these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates, which could harm our business significantly. We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist that might be enforced against our products, resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales and other activities, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation to third parties. Because of the costs involved in defending patent litigation, we currently lack and may in the future lack the capital to defend our intellectual property rights.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors. To counter such infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, or we may be required to defend the validity or enforceability of such patents, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that either one or more of our patents or our licensors’ patents is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue because our patents do not cover that technology. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.

Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions regarding our patents or patent applications or those of our partners or licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may cause us to incur substantial costs and distract the attention of our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.

Because of the substantial amount of discovery required in intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our securities.

We may be subject to claims our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.

We employ individuals previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. We may be subject to claims we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential information of our employees’ former employers or other third parties. We may also be subject to claims that former employers or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. There is no guarantee of success in defending these claims, and if we succeed, litigation could cause substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and other employees.

Because we face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive. We have competitors both in the United States and internationally, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and universities and other research institutions. Our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may cause even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. Competition may increase further because of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our competitors may develop, acquire or license drug products that are more effective or less costly than any product candidate we may develop.

With the exception of one product candidate, all of our programs are in a preclinical development stage and are targeted toward indications for which there are approved products on the market or product candidates in clinical development. We will face competition from other drugs that are or will be approved for the same therapeutic indications. Our ability to compete successfully will depend largely on our ability to leverage our experience in drug discovery and development to:

The availability of our competitors’ products could limit the demand, and the price we can charge, for any products we may develop and commercialize. We will not achieve our business plan if the acceptance of these products is inhibited by price competition or the reluctance of physicians to switch from existing drug products to our products, or if physicians switch to other new drug products or reserve our products for use in limited circumstances. The inability to compete with existing or subsequently introduced drug products would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make our product candidates less competitive. Any new product that competes with an approved product must typically demonstrate advantages, such as in efficacy, convenience, tolerability or safety, to overcome price competition and to succeed. Our competitors may obtain patent protection, receive approval by FDA and/or foreign regulatory authorities or discover, develop and commercialize product candidates before we do, which would have a material adverse impact on our business.

The commercial success of our product candidates will depend upon the acceptance of these product candidates by the medical community, including physicians, patients and healthcare payors.

Assuming one or more product candidates achieve regulatory approval and we commence marketing such products, the market acceptance of any product candidates will depend on several factors, including:

If our current product candidates are approved, we expect sales to generate substantially all of our product revenues for the foreseeable future, and as such, the failure of these products to find market acceptance would harm our business.

If insurance and/or government coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available for our product candidates, it could impair our ability to achieve and maintain profitability.

Market acceptance and sales of any product candidates we develop will depend on coverage and reimbursement policies of third-party payors. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers, hospitals and health maintenance organizations, decide which drugs they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. Coverage and adequate reimbursement may not be available for some or all of our product candidates. As patients generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their treatment, inadequate reimbursement amounts may reduce the demand for, or the price of, our future products. Thus, the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and commercial payors is critical to new product acceptance.

Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval of a product from a government or other third-party payor is a time-consuming and costly process, and no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors in the United States. Even if we obtain coverage for a given product, the resulting reimbursement payment rates might not be adequate for us to achieve or sustain profitability or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptable. If reimbursement is not available, or is available at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize product candidates we develop.

Pricing pressures on our drug candidates, including as the result of proposed legislative changes, may negatively impact our future results of operations.

There have been numerous legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in the United States and in some foreign jurisdictions that could affect our ability to sell products profitably. For example, in May 2018, the Trump administration issued a plan to lower drug prices, including among other things the disclosure of list prices in television ads, increasing negotiated discounts in Medicare, banning pharmacy gag clauses, adopting real-time prescription benefit tools, and boosting low-cost generic and biosimilar competition. In January 2019, the Trump administration proposed a rule to lower prescription drug prices and out-of-pocket costs by banning rebates on prescription drugs paid by manufacturers to pharmacy benefit managers, Part D plans and Medicaid managed care organizations to increase the use and sales of their products.

Further, in February 2019, President Trump expressed concern that prescription drug prices in Canada are approximately 50% of prescription drug prices in the United States. At the same time, all of the current Democratic Presidential candidates are advocating for a Medicare-for-all approach. While expanding Medicare would increase the demand for prescription drugs, there is a likelihood that Medicare will be required to negotiate drug prices, which could adversely affect our future prospects.

At the state level, individual states are increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control drug pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures. These proposed measures could reduce the ultimate demand for our products, once approved, or put pressure on our product pricing. The availability of generic treatments may also substantially increase pricing pressures on, and reduce reimbursement for, our future products. The potential application of user fees to generic drug products may expedite approval of additional generic drug treatments. We expect to experience additional pricing pressures in connection with sale of any of our products, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative changes.

In some non-U.S. jurisdictions, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. The European Union, or EU, provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the Company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for our products. Historically, products launched in the EU do not follow price structures of the U.S. and tend to be priced significantly lower.

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to generate any revenues from product sales.

We do not have an organization for the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products and the cost of establishing and maintaining such an organization may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. To market any products that may be approved, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or arrange with third parties to perform these services.

Our current and future partners may not dedicate sufficient resources to the commercialization of our product candidates or may otherwise fail in their commercialization due to factors beyond our control. If we are unable to establish effective alliances to enable the sale of our product candidates to healthcare professionals and in geographical regions, including the United States, that will not be covered by our own marketing and sales force, or if our potential future strategic partners do not successfully commercialize the product candidates, our ability to generate revenues from product sales will be adversely affected.

If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generate sufficient product revenue and may not become profitable. We will be competing with many companies that have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations. Without an internal team or the support of a third-party to perform marketing and sales functions, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies.

If we obtain approval to commercialize any approved products outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could materially adversely affect our business.

If any of our product candidates are approved for commercialization, we may enter into agreements with third parties to market them on a worldwide basis or in more limited geographical regions. We expect we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND INDUSTRY

If we lose key management or scientific personnel, cannot recruit qualified employees, directors, officers, or other personnel or experience increases in our compensation costs, our business may materially suffer.

We depend on principal members of our executive and research teams; the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. We are highly dependent on our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Gary Wilcox, and our President, Dr. Sam Lee. We do not carry “key-man” life insurance on any of our employees or advisors. Furthermore, our future success will also depend in part on the continued service of our key scientific and management personnel and our ability to identify, hire, and retain additional personnel. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms, as there is significant competition among numerous pharmaceutical companies for individuals with similar skill sets. Because of this competition, our compensation costs may increase significantly. If we lose key employees, our business may suffer.

If we expand our organization, we may experience difficulties in managing growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of April 1, 2019, we have 10 full-time employees. As our company matures, we expect to expand our employee base to increase our managerial, scientific and operational, commercial, financial and other resources and to hire more consultants and contractors. Future growth would impose significant additional responsibilities on our management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees, consultants and contractors. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may cause weaknesses in our infrastructure, and give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as developing additional product candidates. If our management cannot effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenues could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize product candidates and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage our future growth.

Any relationships with customers and third-party payors may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws and health information privacy and security laws. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

If we obtain FDA approval for any of our product candidates and commercialize those products in the United States, our operations may be directly, or indirectly through our customers, subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing and education programs. We may be subject to patient privacy regulation by the federal government and by the U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:

If our operations are found to violate any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including, without limitation, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, possible exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other government healthcare programs, and curtailment or restructuring of our operations, which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

We face potential product liability, and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability and costs.

Using our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we obtain marketing approval exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by consumers, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our products. If we cannot successfully defend against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liability and costs. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may cause:

Insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. If and when we obtain marketing approval for product candidates, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may be unable to obtain product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or in adequate amounts. Occasionally, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated adverse effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of operations and business.

Business interruptions resulting from natural disasters and adverse weather events could cause delays in research and development of our product candidates.

Our principal offices are in Bothell, Washington where we conduct our scientific research. We also maintain a small finance and accounting office in Miami, Florida. We are vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes and tornados as well as other events that could disrupt our operations and cause delays in research and development of our product candidates. We do not carry insurance for natural disasters and we may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur. Any losses or damages we incur could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

If our information technology systems are compromised, the information we store and process, including our intellectual property, could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen, which could harm our business, relationships with strategic partners and future results of operations.

Companies are increasingly suffering damage from attacks by hackers. In the ordinary course of business, we store sensitive information, such as our intellectual property, including trade secrets and results of our clinical and preclinical research, and that of our suppliers and business partners, on a central server, and such information is transmitted via email correspondence. The secure maintenance and processing of this information is critical to our research and development activities and future operations. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breaches due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach could compromise our information technology systems and the information stored there could be accessed by third parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure, misappropriation or other loss of information could result in disruption of our operations, including our existing and future research collaborations, and damage our reputation, which in its turn could harm our business and future results of operations.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve using hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. If contamination occurs or injury results from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Although our workers’ compensation insurance may cover us for costs and expenses, we may incur additional costs due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials or other work-related injuries, and this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against other potential liabilities. We may incur substantial costs to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may cause substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK

Due to factors beyond our control, our common stock price may be volatile, or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares.

The market price of our common stock will depend on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock since you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the market price of our common stock include the following:

In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

Any future impairment in the carrying value of goodwill and in-process research and development assets could depress our stock price.

Historically, we had a significant amount of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) on our balance sheet. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets must be evaluated for impairment annually or more frequently if events indicate it is warranted. If the carrying value of a reporting unit or IPR&D asset exceeds its current fair value, the goodwill or IPR&D asset is considered impaired. Events and conditions that could result in impairment in the value of our indefinite-lived assets and goodwill include, but are not limited to, significant negative industry or economic trends, significant decline in the Company’s stock price for a sustained period of time, significant decline in market capitalization relative to net book value, limited funding that could delay development efforts, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy for the Company’s overall business, safety or efficacy issues that surface during development efforts, or preclinical and clinical outcomes that reduce the probability for technical and regulatory success of our product candidates.

We have incurred impairment charges of approximately $131,061,000 from our IPR&D prior to and as of December 31, 2017; refer to “Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Business Combinations and Intangible Assets.” As of December 31, 2018, we incurred an additional $53,905,000 in non-cash impairment charges which was a full write-off of the remaining IPR&D and we no longer have an IPR&D asset.

We may in the future be required to record impairment charges to write-off goodwill which is also related to our merger with RFS Pharma in 2014. Our stock price could be negatively impacted should future impairments of our goodwill occur.

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had goodwill of $65,195,000 and determined the fair value of its reporting unit, measured by the Company’s Nasdaq market capitalization and an income approach analysis, exceeded the carrying value at December 31, 2018; therefore, management did not consider goodwill to be impaired.

Because certain of our stockholders control a significant number of shares of our common stock, they may have effective control over our actions requiring stockholder approval.

As of March 28, 2019, our directors, executive officers and principal stockholders (those beneficially owning in excess of 5%), and their respective affiliates, beneficially own approximately 48% of our outstanding shares of common stock. As a result, these stockholders, acting together, would have the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets.

Dr. Raymond Schinazi, our former Board Chairman, and Dr. Philip Frost, a director and certain other stockholders entered into a Stockholders Rights Agreement in November 2014 when we acquired another company headed by Dr. Schinazi. This Agreement gives each of Dr. Schinazi and Dr. Frost (and certain other stockholders) the right to designate three directors to a seven-person board of directors and together agree upon the seventh designee. In addition, our principal stockholders, acting together, would have the ability to control the management and affairs of our company. Accordingly, this concentration of ownership might harm the market price of our common stock by:

Further, the Stockholder Rights Agreement provides Dr. Schinazi and Dr. Frost and certain other Company stockholders with rights including the right to approve future financings and a right of first refusal, which have not been impediments to date. However, in the event of any future disagreements between Dr. Schinazi and Dr. Frost, we may be unable to raise future capital we need or make concessions to one of these directors, which may adversely affect us or result in added expenses.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock, including under our equity incentive plan, could cause additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed to continue our planned operations. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. These sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing stockholders.

Under our Equity Incentive Plans, our management may grant stock options and other equity-based awards to our employees, directors and consultants. Approximately 2,467,000 million shares of common stock are available for future grant.

We are currently involved in a class action lawsuit, a related derivative action, and other litigation, and may in the future be involved in other legal proceedings, which may be expensive and time consuming to defend, and, if resolved adversely, could harm our business and financial condition.

We and certain current and former executive officers and directors of the Company are currently defendants in a class action lawsuit filed with the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging violation of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, and a related derivative action lawsuit filed with the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington, and may become involved in additional legal proceedings in the future. See “Item 3 – Legal Proceedings” for more information. Similar allegations are also asserted in a lawsuit filed with the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota by a former Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. lawyer, and currently on appeal with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. These proceedings can be time consuming, divert management’s attention and resources and cause us to incur significant expenses. While we believe we have insurance coverage for the class action suit and the derivative action, our insurance carrier has initially declined to cover the lawsuits. While we are seeking to reverse this decision, even if we can do so the amount of insurance may be insufficient. Furthermore, because litigation is inherently unpredictable, the results of any such actions may have a material adverse effect on our business, and financial condition, and cause our stock price to decrease.

Failure to meet the continued listing requirements of The Nasdaq Capital Market, could result in delisting of our common stock, which in its turn would negatively affect the price of our common stock and limit investors’ ability to trade in our common stock.

Our common stock trades on The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). Nasdaq rules impose certain continued listing requirements, including the minimum $1 bid price, corporate governance standards and number of public stockholders. If we fail to meet these continued listing requirements, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our common stock. If our common stock is delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

Our ability to use our net operating loss carry forwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carry forwards (“NOLs”), and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income may be limited. We believe that, with the RFS Pharma and Discovery mergers and other transactions that have occurred over the past three years, we may have triggered an “ownership change” limitation. We may also experience ownership changes in the future because of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership. If we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carry forwards to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could result in increased future tax liability to us. At the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.

Because our common stock is not actively traded, purchasers of our stock may incur difficulty in selling their shares at or above the price they paid for them, or at all.

Our average daily trading volume on The Nasdaq Capital Market has been approximately 35,400 shares of common stock for the 60 trading days prior to March 28, 2019. An active market for our common stock may never develop, or if it does, it may not be sustained. Accordingly, investors may experience difficulty is selling their shares of common stock at or above the price they paid for them, or at all.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We anticipate we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock.

Because we may not attract the attention of major brokerage firms, it could have a material impact upon the price of our common stock.

It is possible that securities analysts of major brokerage firms will not provide research coverage for our common stock. The absence of such coverage limits the likelihood that an active market will develop for our common stock. It may also make it more difficult for us to attract new investors when we acquire additional capital.

Future sales of our common stock could cause the market price for our common stock to decline, even if our business is performing well.

As of March 28, 2019, we had approximately 31,620,646 million shares of common stock outstanding, approximately 15 million of which are either free trading or may be sold without volume or manner of sale limitations under Rule 144. The remainder of our shares, because they are held by affiliates, are subject to additional restrictions as described below.

In general, Rule 144 provides that any person who is not an affiliate of the Company and has not been an affiliate for 90 days, and who has held restricted common stock for at least six months, is entitled to sell their restricted stock freely, provided that we stay current in our SEC filings. After one year, a non-affiliate may sell without any restrictions.

Our largest stockholder, Dr. Raymond Schinazi, who beneficially owned 32% of our common stock as of March 29, 2019, resigned as our Board Chairman effective February 1, 2019. However, a Stockholder Rights Agreement he signed in 2014, in which another principal shareholder is a party, requires that we continue to treat him as an affiliate.

The shares of common stock outstanding which are held by affiliates of the Company are subject to additional restrictions. An affiliate may sell after a six-month holding period with the following restrictions:

Future sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that those sales will occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline significantly, even if our business is performing well.

We may issue preferred stock which could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us and could depress our stock price.

In accordance with the provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation and the Stockholder Rights Agreement described above, our Board may issue one or more additional series of preferred stock that have more than one vote per share, so long as the Board obtains the majority approval of each of the groups of stockholders who formerly held our Series A and Series B. This could permit our Board to issue preferred stock to investors who support our management and give effective control of our business to our management. Issuance of preferred stock could block an acquisition resulting in both a drop in our stock price and a decline in interest of our common stock. This could make it more difficult for stockholders to sell their common stock. This could also cause the market price of our common stock shares to drop significantly, even if our business is performing well.

We continue to have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate these, or if we experience additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain effective internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and could negatively impact our ability to raise capital.

Our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective. Management has identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to the following:

See “Part II – Item 9A – Controls and Procedures” for more information. Although we have developed and are implementing a plan to remediate these material weaknesses, and expect to focus on remediating these material weaknesses in 2019, we may not be able to remediate all or any of them in the near future. Furthermore, additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting may be identified in the future. Material weaknesses identified by management could result in a material misstatement in our annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. If we are unable to remediate the identified material weaknesses or implement required new or improved controls, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the SEC could be adversely affected. The occurrence of or failure to remediate the material weaknesses may adversely affect investor confidence in us and could negatively impact our ability to raise capital.

Recently the SEC sued four public companies alleging in part that they had violated Section 13(b) of the Exchange Act resulting from their failure to remediate material weaknesses in their internal control over financial reporting over an extensive period of time. Three of these companies had remediated their material weaknesses at the time the lawsuits were filed. Since we acquired Cocrystal Discovery, Inc., our principal subsidiary, in January 2014, we have identified and disclosed material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting beginning with the year ended December 31, 2014 and have since made significant progress in remediating them. As of December 31, 2018, we had two material weaknesses, both of which had previously been identified as of December 31, 2017 and have not been remediated. See “Part II – Item 9a Controls and Procedures” for more information. If the SEC Staff investigates us and following that investigation a lawsuit is filed alleging that we had not remediated our material weaknesses for a number of consecutive annual reporting periods, we will face the following risks:

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

We have operating facilities in Bothell, Washington and Miami, Florida.

We lease approximately 9,400 square feet of office and laboratory space in Bothell, Washington. In June 2018, we signed an amendment to the Bothell, Washington lease agreement to extend the term through January 2024.

On September 1, 2018, the Company relocated its accounting and finance offices from Tucker, Georgia to Miami, Florida, where it leases a total of 1,280 square feet of office space. In connection with the relocation, the Company entered into a lease agreement with a limited liability company controlled by Dr. Phillip Frost, a director and a principal stockholder of the Company. The lease term is three years with an optional three-year extension. Following the relocation, the Company closed down its office in Tucker, Georgia and terminated the respective month-to-month lease agreement with the limited liability company owned by our former Chairman and a principal stockholder, Dr. Raymond Schinazi.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is a party to, or otherwise involved in, legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. As of the date of this report, except as described below, the Company is not aware of any proceedings, threatened or pending, against it which, if determined adversely, would have a material effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

On September 20, 2018, Anthony Pepe, individually and on behalf of a class, filed with the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey a complaint against the Company, certain current and former executive officers and directors of the Company and the other defendants named therein for violation of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The class consists of the persons and entities who purchased the Company’s common stock during the period from September 23, 2013 through September 7, 2018. Pepe also alleges violation of other sections of the Exchange Act by the defendants named in the complaint other than the Company. Pepe seeks damages, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, reasonable attorneys’ fees, expert fees and other costs.

On January 16, 2019, Ms. Susan Church, a stockholder of the Company, filed with the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington a derivative suit against certain current and former executive officers and directors of the Company alleging breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, waste of corporate assets, and violations of the rules governing proxy solicitation. Church seeks, among other things, money damages, disgorgement of profits from alleged wrongful conduct, including cash bonuses, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, reasonable attorneys’ fees, expert fees and other costs.

On September 7, 2018, the SEC filed with the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York a complaint against Dr. Philip Frost, a director and principal stockholder of the Company, a trust Dr. Frost controls and OPKO Health, Inc., a stockholder of the Company, of which Dr. Frost is the Chief Executive Officer, as well as other defendants named therein. On January 10, 2019, the District Court entered final judgments against these defendants on their consent without admitting or denying the allegations set forth in the complaint. Dr. Frost was permanently enjoined from violating a certain anti-fraud provision of the Securities Act of 1933, future violations of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-1(a) thereunder, and participating in penny stock offerings subject to certain exceptions.

November 2017, Lee Pederson, a former Biozone lawyer, filed a lawsuit in Minnesota against co-defendants the Company, Dr. Phillip Frost, OPKO Heath, Inc. and Brian Keller for various allegations. On September 13, 2018, the United States District Court granted the Company and its co-defendants’ motion to dismiss Pederson’s amended complaint. Subsequent to September 30, 2018, Pederson has filed a notice of appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit on October 11, 2018.

While the Company intends to defend itself vigorously from the claims in the aforementioned disputes, it is unable to predict the outcome of these legal proceedings. Any potential loss as a result of these legal proceedings cannot be reasonably estimated. As a result, the Company has not recorded a loss contingency for any of the aforementioned claims.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock has been traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “COCP” since March 12, 2018. Prior to March 12, 2018, our common stock was quoted on OTCQB under the same symbol “COCP”. As of March 28, 2019, there were approximately 425 holders of record of our common stock.

The last reported sales price of our Common stock on Nasdaq on March 28, 2019 was $2.72 per share.

Dividend Policy

We have not declared nor paid any cash dividend on our common stock, and we currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the expansion of our business, and we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The decision whether to pay cash dividends on our common stock will be made by our board of directors, in their discretion, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors that our board of directors considers significant. Our ability to pay cash dividends is governed by applicable provisions of Delaware law.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

Information about our equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report.

Unregistered sales of equity securities

All unregistered sales of our equity securities during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been previously reported.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

As a smaller reporting company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, we are not required to include information otherwise required by this item.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

Company Overview

Our primary business going forward is to develop novel medicines for use in the treatment of human viral diseases. Discovery has been developing novel technologies and approaches to create first-in-class and best-in-class antiviral drug candidates since its initial funding in 2008. Our focus is to pursue the development and commercialization of broad-spectrum antiviral drug candidates that will transform the treatment and prophylaxis of viral diseases in humans. By concentrating our research and development efforts on viral replication inhibitors, we plan to leverage our infrastructure and expertise in these areas.

During fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, the following key aspects of our business advanced:

Results of Operations

As stated above, we are focused on research and development of novel medicines for use in the treatment of human viral diseases. Accordingly, we had no revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018 or 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we had a net loss of $49,048,000 compared to a net loss of $613,000 for 2017. This net loss for the year was due to losses from ongoing operations, offset by income tax benefits. The 2018 loss was significantly higher due to an impairment charge of $53,905,000 on our IPR&D asset offset by a $13,582,000 deferred tax benefit associated with the impairment charge incurred. Our operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $62,924,000 compared to an operating loss of $8,262,000 in 2017. The operating loss for 2018 included the impairment charge of $53,905,000 on our IPR&D asset noted above. Other income was $294,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, which is primarily due to a $306,000 gain on the fair value of derivative liabilities. Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, we record other income or expense for the change in fair value of our outstanding warrants that are accounted for as liabilities during each reporting period. If the value of the warrants decreases during a period, which occurred during the year ended December 31, 2018, we record other income. The fair value of our outstanding warrants is inversely related to the fair value of the underlying common stock; as such, a decrease in the fair value of our common stock during a given period generally results in other income while an increase in the fair value of our common stock generally results in other expense. This other income or expense is non-cash. We believe investors should focus on our operating loss rather than net income or loss for the periods presented.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation-related costs for our 8 employees dedicated to research and development activities and for our Scientific Advisory Board members, as well as lab supplies, lab services, and facilities and equipment costs. We expect research and development expenses to increase in future periods as we expand our pre-clinical development activities. Also included in research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 is an impairment charge related to our in-process research and development (IPR&D) intangible asset in the amount of $53,905,000, which were acquired through our November 2014 merger with RFS Pharma. We decided to move forward our HCV program solely with CC-31244 compound and abandoned the compounds associated with the IPR&D intangible asset, which were licensed to RFS Pharma by Emory.

Total research and development expenses were $58,572,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared with $5,822,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. This increase of $52,750,000 is primarily the result of recognizing an impairment loss on IPR&D of $53,905,000 in 2018. Excluding the impact of the IPR&D impairment charge, research and development expenses were $4,667,000, and therefore decreased $1,155,000, for the year ended December 31, 2018. This year over year decrease in research and development expenditures was primarily due to decreased employee compensation costs after closing our Tucker, Georgia lab facility in the fourth quarter of 2017. We expect research and development expenses to decrease in 2019 with the completion of the Phase 2a study in the United States.

Additionally, the planned Hong Kong study research costs will be paid by the investigator and there is limited research remaining from our 2018 United States Phase 2a trial.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense includes compensation-related costs for our employees dedicated to general and administrative activities, legal fees, audit and tax fees, consultants and professional services, and general corporate expenses.

General and administrative expenses were $4,352,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared with $2,440,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. This increase of $1,912,000 was primarily due to an $896,000 insurance reimbursement received by the Company in 2017 for legal costs and a $132,000 non-cash reversal of stock compensation expense related to unvested options for executives that are no longer with the Company which decreased expenses during the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company also had increases in expenses during the year ended December 31, 2018 including approximately $141,000 in accounting fees related to SEC filings and $556,000 in legal costs associated with both litigation and collaboration matters, as well as listing the Company on Nasdaq Capital Market.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company entered into non-cancelable related party leases for its facilities and convertible debt (see Note 15 – Transactions with Related Parties in the following Consolidated Financial Statements).

Interest Income/Expense

Interest income (expense) was ($58,000) for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to ($7,000) for the year ended December 31, 2017. The interest expense in 2017 and 2018 is primarily a result of the convertible promissory notes we entered into in November 2017 which were all converted to common stock in May 2018.

Other Income/Expense

Other income, net, was $294,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared with $769,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. Other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 primarily consisted of gains of $306,000 and $907,000, respectively, recognized from decreases in the fair value of our derivative liabilities as our stock price decreased.

Income Taxes

For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded an income tax benefit of 13,582,000 resulting from reduction of our deferred tax liability primarily stemming from the impairment loss recorded for the Company’s in-process research and development. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded an income tax benefit of $6,880,000 primarily as a result of reduction of our deferred tax liability which was caused by recent tax law changes lowering the corporate tax rate to 21%.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

For the year ended December 31, 2018, net cash used in operating activities was $8,290,000, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $6,903,000 for 2017. The increase in cash used in operating activities in 2018 as compared to 2017 was attributable to increased spending in research and development activities for the HCV Phase 2a clinical trials. In 2018, net cash provided by investing activities netted to $1,372,000, which consisted of receipts related to our mortgage note offset by capital expenditures for lab equipment, software, and computers for the relocated Miami office. For 2017, our net cash used in investing activities consisted of $40,000 in capital expenditures primarily for lab equipment for our R&D facilities. For the year ended December 31, 2018, net cash provided by financing activities was $8,893,000, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $4,080,000 for 2017. Net cash generated by financing activities in 2018 and 2017 was the result of issuing convertible notes payable, exercises of stock options, and additional issuances of common stock, including our 2018 follow-on offering.

On March 20, 2019, the Company by written notice suspended at-the-market sales of its common stock pursuant to the previously disclosed Equity Distribution Agreement, dated July 19, 2018 (the “Distribution Agreement”) by and among the Company, Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. (“Ladenburg”), Barrington Research Associates, Inc. (“Barrington”), and Alliance Global Partners (“AGP”). Previously, on December 14, 2018, the Company received notice from Ladenburg regarding the termination of its engagement as a sales agent under the Distribution Agreement. On March 20, 2019, the Company terminated Barrington’s engagement as a sales agent under the Distribution Agreement, effective March 21, 2019. The Distribution Agreement remains in place with respect to AGP, subject to the suspension of sales discussed above until further notice is provided by the Company to AGP.

Based on cash on hand as of March 29, 2019 of approximately $8,700,000, the Company may not have the capital to finance its operations including any unforeseen expenses such as higher than anticipated legal costs and uninsured catastrophe to the Company operations for the next 12 months.

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared using generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company has incurred net losses and negative operating cash flows since inception. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a net loss of approximately $49,048,000 and used approximately $8,290,000 of cash in operating activities. The Company has not yet established an ongoing source of revenue sufficient to cover its operating costs and allow it to continue as a going concern. The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent on the Company obtaining adequate capital to fund operating losses until it becomes profitable.

The Company’s historical operating results indicate substantial doubt exists related to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. We can give no assurances that any additional capital that we are able to obtain, if any, will be sufficient to meet our needs, or that any such financing will be obtainable on acceptable terms. If we are unable to obtain adequate capital, we could be forced to cease operations or substantially curtail our commercial activities. These conditions raise substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts and classification of liabilities should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements

This Annual Report includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding the expected timing of release of Phase 2a HCV study results, the commencement of our Phase 2a HCV study in Hong Kong, the expected timing of initiation of our Phase 1 influenza study, our collaboration with Merck pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement, and our liquidity.

The words “believe,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “could,” “target,” “potential,” “is likely,” “will,” “expect” and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs.

The results anticipated by any or all of these forward-looking statements might not occur. Important factors, uncertainties and risks that may cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements include continued collaboration with Merck, the availability of products manufactured by third parties, and the ability of clinical research organizations to recruit subjects, favorable results of planned research and, if successful, clinical trials, and receipt of regulatory approvals. Further information on such uncertainties and risks is contained in the “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this this Annual Report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as the result of new information, future events or otherwise. For more information regarding some of the ongoing risks and uncertainties of our business, see “Item 1A – Risk Factors” and our other filings with the SEC.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate these estimates and judgments, including those described below. We base our estimates on our historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results and experiences may differ materially from these estimates. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid you in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results and affect the more significant judgments and estimates that we use in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock options related to our equity incentive plans under the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718 which requires the recognition of the fair value of stock-based compensation. The fair value of stock options is estimated using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. This model requires the input of subjective assumptions including expected stock price volatility, expected life and estimated forfeitures of each award. The fair value of equity-based awards is amortized ratably over the requisite service period of the award. Due to the limited amount of historical data available to us, particularly with respect to stock-price volatility, employee exercise patterns and forfeitures, actual results could differ from our assumptions.

Fair Value of Warrants

Warrants are recorded either as equity instruments or derivative liabilities. In the case of warrants recorded as liabilities, they are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of issuance. Subsequent changes in estimated fair value are recorded in other income (expense) in the Company’s statement of operations in each subsequent period. The warrants are measured at estimated fair value using the Black Scholes valuation model, which is based, in part, upon inputs for which there is little or no observable market data, requiring the Company to develop its own assumptions. Inherent in this model are assumptions related to expected stock price volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. We estimate the volatility of our common stock at the date of issuance, and at each subsequent reporting period, based on a combination of the historical implied volatility of our own stock price and that of a group of comparable companies, that matches the expected remaining life of the warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve on the measurement date for a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend rate is based on our historical rate, which we anticipate to remain at zero. The assumptions used in calculating the estimated fair value of the warrants represent our best estimates. However, these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors change and different assumptions are used, the warrant liability and the change in estimated fair value could be materially different.

Business Combinations and Intangible Assets

In connection with our acquisition of RFS Pharma in November 2014, we acquired a substantial amount of intellectual property. We have accounted for the intellectual property acquired as an in-process research and development (IPR&D) asset and have determined that asset to have an indefinite life based on the stage of development of the research projects of RFS Pharma at the date of acquisition. This intangible asset, which we recorded at its estimated fair value of $184,966,000 as of the acquisition date, will continue to have an indefinite life until the associated research and development activities are complete, at which point a determination of the asset’s useful life will be made. Prior to completion of these research and development activities, the intangible asset will be subject to annual impairment tests, or more frequent tests in the event of any impairment indicators occurring. These impairment tests require significant judgment regarding the status of the research activities, the potential for future revenues to be derived from any products that may result from those activities, and other factors.

The Company conducts its annual impairment test related to the in-process research and development asset as of November 30 each year. The initial valuation recorded in November 2014 at the time of the RFS Pharma acquisition represented the fair value of the acquired hepatitis C program acquired from RFS Pharma. We perform our impairment test using the income approach (also known as the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method, which utilizes the present value of future cash flows to estimate fair value). The future cash flows for our hepatitis C assets are projected based upon our estimates of future revenues, operating income and other factors (such as working capital and capital expenditures). We take into account market conditions for hepatitis C therapies, anticipated new competitive therapies and anticipated market prices of our potential future products as we model future cash flows.

Late in 2015, the Company received reports from ongoing pre-clinical studies that indicated higher than acceptable toxicity related to its hepatitis C lead molecule, CC-1845. As a result, in 2015 we lowered our forecasts of future cash flows, which caused a reduction in value of our hepatitis C assets and which led to an impairment charge recorded in the amount of $38,665,000 in 2015 related to our IPR&D asset.

In November 2016, due to industry reports forecasting patient volume decreasing and the average price of treatment trending downward, as well as due to increased competition in the hepatitis C market, and partially the result of further data defining the scientific and commercial potential of Company HCV compounds, we further lowered our forecasted cash flows, which resulted in an impairment of our IPR&D asset in the amount of $92,396,000 in 2016. In late 2018, the Company concluded that given the success of CC-31244 in clinical trials, the Hepatitis C program would move forward solely with CC-31244 without any of the compounds acquired from RFS Pharma. As part of this decision, the Company abandoned all remaining in process research and development intangible assets recognized by the Company and thereafter, we executed our right to terminate the license with Emory on December 6, 2018 (see Note 11 – Licenses and Collaborations). This resulted in a $53,905,000 impairment in 2018.

We also recorded $65,195,000 of goodwill in the RFS Pharma acquisition that is subject to impairment testing. This goodwill primarily represents the amount initially recorded as a deferred tax liability in the RFS Pharma acquisition, which was required as the goodwill recorded for book purposes is not tax deductible based on the structure of the acquisition. Future impairment tests of goodwill will also require substantial judgment and estimates. We completed our annual goodwill impairment tests as of November 30, 2018 and 2017, and determined that there was no impairment of goodwill in any period.

Income Taxes

In 2017, our deferred tax liability declined by $6,880,000 due to the impact of recent changes in the tax laws which, among other things, lowered the corporate tax rate to 21%. The remeasurement of our deferred tax liability generated an income tax benefit of $6,880,000. In addition to lowering the corporate tax rate for years beginning January 1, 2018, the new tax laws allow for net operating loss carryforwards (“NOL”) to be carried forward indefinitely for losses incurred beginning in 2018, subject to a limitation on the amount that can be used to offset income generated in a given year. Given the change in tax laws, we considered whether the reversal of taxable temporary differences related to the indefinite lived intangible assets may be used as a source of future taxable income in assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets that upon reversal would give rise to NOLs that do not expire, which resulted in an additional tax benefit of approximately $6,880,000 in 2017.

In 2018, there was no additional impact to our income taxes due to the tax law changes which were measured in 2017 and noted above. The primary driver of 2018 tax benefits recognized was due to the write off of indefinite lived IPR&D intangible assets. We recorded an income tax benefit of $13,582,000 and eliminated the deferred tax liability in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018. Further, the federal net operating loss generated in 2018 of $8,829,000 will carry forward indefinitely and be available to offset up to 80% of future taxable income. We continue to recognize a full valuation allowance against our net federal and state deferred tax assets at December 31, 2018 as the Company has generated cumulative losses since inception. To the extent the Company starts generating pre-tax book income and/or has other circumstances that would result in the utilization of our net deferred tax assets, our determination regarding the valuation allowance may also change.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements of Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. required by this Item are described in Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are presented beginning on page F-1.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our interim Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2018. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon that evaluation, management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2018 as a result of the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below in the “Management’s Annual Report on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting.”.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined effective could provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management is also required to assess and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 404”). Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the framework in the Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework”).

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, management identified certain material weaknesses related to (i) ineffective preparation and review of manual account reconciliations and (ii) an ineffective financial reporting process with respect to preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. During the fourth quarter of 2018, management concluded that the previously identified material weaknesses were not remediated as of December 31, 2018, primarily due to the timing of the turnover in our accounting team and the effect of such timing on the transition of responsibilities related to the execution of control activities during the fourth quarter of 2018.

During our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, our management concluded that our Company has the following material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018:

Risk Assessment and Control Activities - Management’s Review and Supervision of the Financial Reporting Process

We did not maintain an effective financial reporting process to prepare and present our financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Specifically, the process lacked detailed reviews over the completeness and accuracy of information included in the financial statements. This control deficiency resulted in the reasonable possibility that a material misstatement in the consolidated financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Control Activities – Management’s Review over Technical Accounting Matters and Account Reconciliations

Our design and maintenance of controls in the period end financial reporting process over management’s analysis and review of technical accounting matters and account reconciliations (including goodwill, capital leases, warrants, stock options and convertible debt), were ineffective. This material weakness could result in a material misstatement to the Company’s annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

As a result of the material weaknesses noted above, we completed additional procedures prior to filing this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Based on these procedures, management believes that our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our chief executive officer and principal financial officer have certified that, based on each such officer’s knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, fairly present in all material respects our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows as of, and for, the periods presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our independent registered public accounting firm also attested to, and reported on, the Company’s Internal Control over Financial Reporting, which report expressed an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Unless otherwise noted above, there were no changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2018, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management concluded that certain previously identified material weaknesses, described above, were not remediated as of December 31, 2018, primarily due to the timing of the turnover in our management team and the effect of such timing on the transition of responsibilities related to the execution of control activities.

Remedial Actions to Address Material Weaknesses

With input and oversight from the Audit Committee, management is actively implementing a remediation plan to ensure that control deficiencies contributing to the material weaknesses were remediated such that these controls will operate effectively. We are taking, and expect to continue to take the following remediation actions:

We believe that these actions, and the improvements we expect to achieve as a result, will effectively remediate the material weaknesses identified in 2018. However, the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be considered remediated until the remediated controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We expect that the remediation of these material weaknesses will be completed in 2019.

Item 9B. Other Information

On December 14, 2018, Ladenburg notified the Company regarding termination of its engagement as a sales agent under the Distribution Agreement. See “Part II – Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Liquidity and Capital Resources” for more information.

COCRYSTAL PHARMA, INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

Bothell, Washington

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. (the “Company”) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated April 1, 2019 expressed an adverse opinion thereon.

Going Concern Uncertainty

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations, negative cash flows from operations and has an accumulated deficit that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013.

Miami, Florida

April 1, 2019

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

Bothell, Washington

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company did not maintain, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on management’s statements referring to any corrective actions taken by the Company after the date of management’s assessment.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as “the consolidated financial statements”) and our report dated April 1, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Item 9A – Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Material weaknesses regarding management’s failure to maintain an effective financial reporting process to ensure there were timely and documented reviews over completeness and accuracy of information included in the financial statements, and management’s failure to design and maintain controls over management’s review of technical accounting matters and account reconciliations, have been identified and described in management’s assessment. These material weaknesses were considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2018 financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated April 1, 2019 on those financial statements.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP 

Miami, Florida

April 1, 2019

COCRYSTAL PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

COCRYSTAL PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

COCRYSTAL PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

COCRYSTAL PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)