2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information, the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X set forth by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). They do not include all of the information and notes required by generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for the entire fiscal year. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed on April 1, 2019 (“Annual Report”).

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries: RFS Pharma, LLC, Cocrystal Discovery, Inc., Cocrystal Merger Sub, Inc., Baker Cummins Corp. and Biozone Laboratories, Inc. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Segments

The Company operates in only one segment. Management uses cash flows as the primary measure to manage its business and does not segment its business for internal reporting or decision-making.

Use of Estimates

Preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements in conformance with U.S. GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that impact the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The significant estimates in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements relate to the valuation of equity awards and derivative liabilities, recoverability of deferred tax assets, estimated useful lives of fixed assets, and forecast assumptions used in the valuation of intangible assets and goodwill. The Company bases estimates and assumptions on historical experience, when available, and on various factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis, and its actual results may differ from estimates made under different assumptions or conditions.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash deposited in accounts held at two United States financial institutions, which may, at times, exceed federally insured limits of $250,000 for each institution where accounts are held. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our primary operating account held approximately $5,994,000 and $2,723,000 and our collateral account balance held at a different institution was $50,000 and $29,000, respectively. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to significant risks thereof.

Cash and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity from the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents, and the Company held no cash equivalents as of September 30, 2019 and 2018, nor as of December 31, 2018.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

Restricted cash represents amounts pledged as collateral for financing arrangements that are currently limited to the issuance of business credit cards. The restriction will end upon the conclusion of these financing arrangements.

Leases

Prior to January 1, 2019, the Company accounted for leases under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 840, Accounting for Leases. Effective from January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the guidance of ASC 842, Leases, which requires an entity to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all leases. The Company adopted ASC 842 using a modified retrospective approach. As a result, the comparative financial information has not been updated and the required disclosures prior to the date of adoption have not been updated and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019 resulted in the recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities of approximately $833,000 and did not result in a cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit.

Fair Value Measurements

FASB Accounting Standards Codification 820 (“ASC 820”) defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value under generally accepted accounting principles and enhances disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined under ASC 820 as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value under ASC 820 must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The standard describes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value which are the following:

The Company categorizes its cash as Level 1 fair value measurements. The Company categorizes its warrants potentially settleable in cash as Level 3 fair value measurements. The warrants potentially settleable in cash are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are being marked to fair value at each reporting date until they are completely settled or meet the requirements to be accounted for as component of stockholders’ equity. The warrants are valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model as discussed in Note 9 – Warrants.

The following tables present a summary of fair values of assets and liabilities that are re-measured at fair value at each balance sheet date presented as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and their placement within the fair value hierarchy as discussed above (in thousands):

The Company has not transferred any financial instruments into or out of Level 3 classification during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending Level 3 liabilities is as follows (in thousands):

Goodwill and In-Process Research and Development

We account for business combinations using the acquisition method, recording the acquisition-date fair value of total consideration over the acquisition-date fair value of net assets acquired as goodwill. Acquisition-related costs, including banking, legal, accounting, valuation, and other similar costs, are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred and included in loss from operations in the condensed consolidated financial statements. The results of operations of the acquired business are included in the condensed consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date.

In November 2014, goodwill and intangible assets for in-process research and development were recorded in connection with the acquisition of RFS Pharma, and have represented a series of awarded patents, filed patent applications and an in-process research programs acquired related to Hepatitis C compound development.

We evaluate indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill for impairment annually, as of November 30, or more frequently when events or circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred. As part of the impairment evaluation, we may elect to perform an assessment of qualitative factors. If this qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset or the reporting unit (for goodwill) is less than its carrying value, we then would proceed with the quantitative impairment test to compare the fair value to the carrying value and record an impairment charge if the carrying value exceeds the fair value.

Fair value is typically estimated using an income approach based on the present value of future discounted cash flows. The significant estimates in the discounted cash flow model primarily include the discount rate, and rates of future revenue and expense growth and/or profitability of the acquired assets. In performing the impairment test, the Company considered, among other factors, the Company’s intention for future use of acquired assets, analyses of historical financial performance and estimates of future performance of Cocrystal’s product candidates.

In-process research and development assets are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets and maintained on the balance sheet until either the underlying project is completed, or the asset becomes impaired. If the project is completed, the carrying value of the related intangible assets are amortized to cost of sales over the remaining estimated life of the asset(s), beginning in the period in which the project is completed. If the intangible asset becomes impaired or the related project is abandoned, the carrying value of the underlying intangible asset is written down to its fair value and an impairment charge is recorded in the period in which the impairment occurs and included in operating expenses under research and development within the relative condensed consolidated statement of operations.

The Company has a lead compound, CC-31244, for its Hepatitis C program, which was created at the Company’s labs in Bothell, Washington, and was not part of the acquisition from RFS Pharma. In 2016, the Company initiated and completed a Phase 1A trial with compound CC-31244 and began a Phase 1B trial with CC-31244 that was completed in 2017.

In 2018, the Company began a Phase 2A clinical trial with CC-31244 and released interim results in January 2019. In late 2018, the Company concluded that given the success of CC-31244 in clinical trials, the Hepatitis C program would move forward solely with CC-31244 without any of the compounds acquired from RFS Pharma. As part of this decision, the Company abandoned all remaining in process research and development intangible assets recognized by the Company and thereafter, terminated its license with Emory University on December 6, 2018. This resulted in a $53,905,000 impairment in the fourth quarter of 2018. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there was no in-process research and development on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had goodwill of $65,195,000 respectively included on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company has experienced a decrease in the stock price that has resulted in a possible goodwill impairment indicator. Since the Company stock has a history of volatility and low trading volume management will continue to monitor the goodwill for impairment and perform procedures on November 30, 2019.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue from research and development arrangements. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606–Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”), revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these goods and services.

On January 2, 2019, the Company entered into an Exclusive License and Research Collaboration Agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (“Merck”) to discover and develop certain proprietary influenza A/B antiviral agents. Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, Merck will fund research and development for the program, including clinical development, and will be responsible for worldwide commercialization of any products derived from the collaboration. As a result of this agreement, the Company recognized $4,368,000 in revenues as consideration in exchange for conveyance of intellectual property rights at the signing of the agreement and also receives revenues for reimbursement of research and development activities related to its influenza A/B program. Research and development expenses reimbursed by Merck and recognized as revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 were $492,000 and $1,794,000, respectively.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized based on the weight of available evidence, including expected future earnings. The Company recognizes an uncertain tax position in its financial statements when it concludes that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based solely on its technical merits. Only after a tax position passes the first step of recognition will measurement be required. Under the measurement step, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon effective settlement. This is determined on a cumulative probability basis. The full impact of any change in recognition or measurement is reflected in the period in which such change occurs. The Company elects to accrue any interest or penalties related to income taxes as part of its income tax expense.

As of September 30, 2019, the Company assessed its income tax expense based on its projected future taxable income for the year ended December 31, 2019 and therefore recorded no amount for income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. In addition, the Company has significant deferred tax assets available to offset income tax expense due to net operating loss carry forwards which are currently subject to a full valuation allowance based on the Company’s assessment of future taxable income. Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 for more information.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense using a fair value-based method for costs related to stock-based payments, including stock options in accordance with ASC 718. The fair value of options awarded to employees is measured on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period on a straight-line basis.

Use of the Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the input of subjective assumptions including expected volatility, expected term, and a risk-free interest rate. The Company estimates volatility using a blend of its own historical stock price volatility as well as that of market comparable entities since the Company’s common stock has limited trading history and limited observable volatility of its own. The expected term of the options is estimated by using the Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Bulletin No. 107’s Simplified Method for Estimate Expected Term. The risk-free interest rate is estimated using comparable published federal funds rates.

Common Stock Purchase Warrants and Other Derivative Financial Instruments

We classify as equity any contracts that require physical settlement or net-share settlement or provide us a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in our own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement) provided that such contracts are indexed to our own stock as defined in ASC 815-40, Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity. We classify as assets or liabilities any contracts that require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside our control) or give the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). We assess classification of our common stock purchase warrants and other freestanding derivatives at each reporting date to determine whether a change in classification between assets and liabilities is required.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following are new FASB Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) that have been adopted by the Company as of September 30, 2019:

In 2018, the Company adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”), which had no impact on our consolidated financial statements and related footnote disclosures as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. In January 2019, the Company recognized collaboration revenue in accordance with Topic 606 as presented in the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606. This ASU provides guidance on whether certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for as revenue under Topic 606 when the collaborative arrangement participant is a customer in the context of a unit of account. Accordingly, this amendment added unit of account guidance in Topic 606 when an entity is assessing whether the collaborative arrangement, or a part of the arrangement, is within the scope of Topic 606. In addition, the amendment provides certain guidance on presenting the collaborative arrangement transaction together with Topic 606. ASU 2018-18 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. This ASU is to be applied retrospectively to the date of initial application of Topic 606. The Company adopted ASU 2018-18, in the fourth quarter of 2018, which had no impact on our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, nor in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as reported on this Form 10-Q for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-01, ASU No. 2018-10 and ASU No. 2018-11 (collectively, “ASC 842”), which requires lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets as a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset with a corresponding lease liability. Additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures are also required. The Company adopted the standard effective January 1, 2019 using the cumulative-effect adjustment transition method, which applies the provisions of the standard at the effective date without adjusting the comparative periods presented. The Company adopted the following practical expedients and elected the following accounting policies related to this standard update, a.) the option to not reassess prior conclusions related to the identification, classification and accounting for initial direct costs for leases that commenced prior to January 1, 2019, b.) short-term lease accounting policy election allowing lessees to not recognize ROU assets and liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less, and c.) the option to not separate lease and non-lease components for certain equipment lease asset categories. Adoption of ASC 842 resulted in the initial recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities of approximately $833,000 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The Company’s accounting for finance leases (previously referred to as capital leases under ASC 840) remained substantially unchanged. The standard did not materially impact operating results or liquidity. Disclosures related to the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases are included in Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies.

The following are new FASB Accounting Standards Updates that have not been adopted by the Company as of September 30, 2019, and contain detail regarding the effective dates:

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. This ASU eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements as part of its disclosure framework project. The standard is effective for all entities for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing this ASU and has not yet determined the impact ASU 2018-13 may have on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

Other recent authoritative guidance issued by the FASB (including technical corrections to the ASC), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) did not, or are not expected to, have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.